Which medication class is contraindicated in pregnancy?

• A. ACE inhibitors
• B. Beta-blockers
• C. Calcium channel blockers
• D. Diuretics

Answer: (A)

ACE inhibitors are avoided in pregnancy because they can seriously harm the developing fetus by disrupting kidney development and amniotic fluid production. Blocking the angiotensin II pathway in the fetus impairs kidney function, leading to reduced urine output and oligohydramnios. This drop in amniotic fluid can cause fetal growth restriction and birth defects, and can result in neonatal renal failure and other complications. Because of these fetal risks, ACE inhibitors are contraindicated throughout pregnancy. Other antihypertensives like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics have roles in pregnancy under careful supervision and are not categorically excluded.